List and define the different types of fractionation schedule used in clinical practice

Question 1
a) List and define the different types of fractionation schedule used in
clinical practice. (4 marks)
b) What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of the different
types of schedule from a radiobiological point of view? (6 marks)
Question 2
a) Define the Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of ionising radiation
with regard to its Linear Energy Transfer (LET). (1 mark)
b) Draw a labelled diagram comparing Cell Survival versus Radiation Dose
for each of the following:
i. Cells in the different phases of the cell cycle irradiated with low
LET radiation. (2 marks)
ii. Cells with either high or low α/β ratio irradiated with low LET
radiation. (2 marks)
iii. Cells treated with either high or low LET radiation (2 marks)
c) Discuss the relative effect on expected cell kill when treating a tumour
with low α/β ratio with high and low LET radiation. (3 marks)
Question 3
a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the main phases and the relative
duration of each phase in the cell cycle.
(1 mark)
b) Define the key DNA events in the cell cycle. (3 marks)
Clinical Radiobiology – Previous Examination Papers
c) Name and describe the function of the major protein families that
regulate cell cycle progression.
(6 marks)

Question 4
a) Define the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER). (1 mark)
b) Discuss the mechanism of the oxygen effect during radiation therapy. (4 marks)
c) Discuss the characteristics of the oxygen effect during radiation
therapy.
(5 marks)

Question 5
Write short notes on:
a) Western Blotting. (3 marks)
b) The generation of monoclonal antibodies for clinical use. (3 marks)
c) The steps and physical conditions of the polymerase chain reaction
(PCR).
(4 marks)
Question 6
a) Define flexure dose. (2 marks)
b) Write short notes on the Comet assay. (3 marks)
c) Write short notes on the mechanism of actions of radiation therapy in
benign and non-neoplastic conditions.
(5 marks)

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